Notice

Tlholeho ya Setjhaba sa Basotho

Date: Jan 28, 2016

Setjhaba sa Basotho

Tlholeho ya Setjhaba sa Basotho

Jwaleka ditjhaba tse ding tse ngata, ho na le ditaba tse ngata tseo e leng tsa nalane ya setjhaba (mythical) le tseo e leng tsa Histori  tse ngotsweng ka tlholeho ya Setjhaba sa Basotho. Ka hona ha ho tlhaloso eo e leng yona feela e buwang ka hore Basotho ba tswa kae. Ho latela Histori, tlholeho ya Basotho e ka hlaloswa e qadile nakong eo Batho ba buwang dipuo tsa Bantu ba ne ba fihla ka Borwa ho Noka ya Limpopo ho tswa dibakeng tsa Matsha a Maholo, le Leboya Botjhabela ba kontinente ya Afrika, kamora hoba noka ya Nile kapa Nahara e tlale e phophome dilemong tsa bo- 270 A.D.

Kahara dihlopha tse nne tse kgolo tsa batho ba buwang dipuo tsa Bantu e leng Ba-Nguni, Basotho, BaTsonga le BaVenda, sehlopha sa Basotho se ile sa boela sa arohana dikoto tse tharo, e leng Basotho ba Bophirima ( Batswana), Basotho ba Leboya ( Bapedi) le Basotho ba Borwa ( Basotho). Dihlopha tsena ka boraro di ka bitswa Basotho, ebang o latela lentswe  - sootho” brown”, e leng ba basootho ebang o nka mmala wa letlalo la bona.

Ho ka nna ha etsahala hore lebitso Basotho le tswa ho Bapedi, e leng lentswe le neng le sebediswa ke Maswatsi , mme ba ba bitsa “Abashuntu” e le ho ba phoqa dilemong tsa bo- 1400. Maswatsi a ne a bitsa Bapedi jwalo hobane ba ne ba tena ditshea tse entsweng ka matlalo a diphoofolo mme di  finnwe mafito, e leng lentswe le tswang ho leetsi “ uku shunta”, ho hlalosang ho etsa lefito. Leha Maswatsi a ne a ba phoqa, empa Bapedi ba ile ba sebedisa lentswe leo ka motlotlo mme hamorao la amohelwa ke ditjhaba tse ding tse tenang tshea.

Tlhaloso e nngwe e re lebitso Basotho le tswa lentsweng “ lesoto” e leng karolo kapa qole ya kobo ya letlalo – thari eo basadi ba pepang bana ka yona, mme banna ba Basotho bona ba ne ba sebedisa letlalo leo e le tsheha ho kwahela dikarolo tsa bohlokwa. Batho ba tshehetsang mohopolo ona ba re “sehlongwapele/prefix le- ho lesoto se bontsha hore seo ke ntho kapa sebediswa, mme ebang ho buuwa ka motho  sehlongwapele se lokela ho fetoha hoba Mo-. Lentswe lena Mosotho le ne le supa bonngwe, mme bongateng ya eba Basotho.”

Tlhaloso e nngwe e dumellanang le tse hlalositsweng pejana, e supa hore Basotho ba tswa ho Mathulare, moradi wa morena wa Bafokeng, ya neng a nyetswe ke morena Tabane wa Bakgatla.

[1]Note that the Bantu-speaking population was divided into four major groupings, the Nguni, Sotho, Tsonga and Venda. They originated centuries immediately before the beginning of the Christian era. By the first centuries of the Christian era they had reached the Limpopo River and entered South Africa. See M. Motshekga, Traditional and Local governance in a Democratic South Africa – a non-governmental perspective, p. 4; D. Hammond-Tooke, The Roots of Black South Africa, pp. 14, 16, 21, 24 and 29; L.D. Ngcongco, “Origins of the Tswana” Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies 1(2), 1979, p. 24; P. Maylam, A History of the African People of South Africa: From the Early Iron Age to the 1970s, pp. 2-9; T. Tlou and A. Campbell, History of Botswana, p.30. See also Mountain, p. 22; R. Oliver and A. Atmore, The African Middle Ages: 1400-1800, pp. 183-191.

[1] William Moruti Tšiu, “Basotho Oral Poetry at the Beginning of the 21st Century (volume 1)” Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Literature and Philosophy in African Languages, University of South Africa, October 2008, p. 11.

[1] William Moruti Tšiu, “Basotho Family Odes (Diboko) and Oral Tradition” Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts in African Languages, University of South Africa, November 2001, pp. 11-12.

 Ho latela tlhaloso ena , Mathulare ebile Mma Bathei ba ditjhaba tse hlano tse kgolo, e leng, Bapeli, Makgolokwe, Maphuthing, Batlokwa le Basia mme ditjhaba tsena ke tsona tsa pele tse neng di bitswa Basotho.

Tlhaloso ena ya ho qetela ke ya nalane ya setjhaba (mythical). Yona e hlalosa hore Basotho ba pele ba hlahile fatshe, dilemo lemo ebang e se mengwahakgolo  pele ho Difaqane, mme ba hlahela sebakeng se bitswang Ntsoanatsatsi, ka Botjhabela ba Foreisetata pakeng tsa Vrede le Frankfort. Smith bukeng ya Ellenberger o re Basotho ba Pele ke Bakoena ba neng ba dula Ntsoanatsatsi, empa ba ile ba qobelleha ho falla moo ka lebaka la bofuma le ditwantshano le Bafokeng. Tlhaloso ena e re baahi ba pele ba Ntsoanatsatsi ke Bakoena. Leha ho le jwalo Ellenberger le Macgregor ba ya phehisana ebile ba bonahala ba ferekana le bona ka taba ena. Ho na le moo ba reng Basotho-Batswana ba pele ho tshela noka ya Lekoa (Vaal ) ke Dihoja, hamorao ba re ke Bafokeng.

Ka lehlakoreng le leng , Walton yena o re batho ba pele ba ho dula Ntsoanatsatsi ke ma-San, mme ha Bafokeng ba fihla moo dilemong tsa bo- 1500, ba ile ba kopana le ho nyalana le merabe ya ma-San le mefuta e meng e neng e phela moo ka nako eo. Ho tshehetsa ntlha ena ya hore Bafokeng ke bona setjhaba sa pele sa Basotho-Batswana se ileng sa dula Ntsoanatsatsi mme sa nyalana le ma-San, Schofield o re: “Nalane ya Bafokeng e re nyalano ya morena wa Bafokeng, Napo le ma-San Ntsoanatsatsi ke yona e ileng ya baka kgohlano. Ha morena a hlokahala, bara ba hae le mosadi wa mo-San ba ile ba hanelwa ditokelo tsa bona tsa bohlahlami, e leng yona ntlha e bakileng hore bara ba morena Napo le mosadi wa mo-San ba ikgule setjhabeng seo. Hammoho le balatedi ba bona ba ile ba tshela dithaba tsa Drakensberg mme ba ya dula lebopong la Natala. Bopaki ba sena bo bonahala mefuteng ya dinkgo tsa letsopa tseo ditsebi tsa Archaelogy di fumaneng hore di tshwana hantle le dinkgo tsa letsopa tse neng di boptjwa ke Bafokeng ba neng ba dula Foreisetata le Lesotho. Ntlha ya hore Bafokeng ba dutse Ntsoanatsatsi pele ho dilemo tsa bo-1500 e tiisa hore Bakoena ba ba fumane moo. Ho hlakile hore ha ho tumellano hara Basotho le BoraHistori hore na hantle ntle lentswe lena Basotho le tswa kae.

[1] Ellenberger 1912, p. 31 as quoted in William Moruti Tšiu, Basotho Family Odes …. p. 12.

[1] K. Nürnberger, “The Sotho Notion of the Supreme Being and the impact of the Christian Proclamation” Journal of Religion in Africa 7(3), 1975, pp. 184-185. See also M.T. Pitso, “Stories of Origin of the Sotho people of QwaQwa: The construction and maintenance of society through narratives”. Thesis Submitted for the Degree: Master of Philosophy in Indigenous Studies, University of Tromsø, 2009, p. 10.

[1] Note that Jakobo Mokoena, as quoted in Manti Teboho Pitso, alleges that Kwena clan or Bakoena are originally the Zulus who arrived at Ntsoana-Tsatsi from Natal as the Ngwenya clan fleeing as a result of Mfecane (Difaqane). He further alleges that they settled on top of the mountain at Ntsoana-Tsatsi in such a way that they could be able to see enemies approaching in order to protect themselves from further attack. See Pitso,  p. 12.

[1] F.D. Ellenberger, Histori ea Basotho (Karolo I): Mehla ea Boholo-Holo, Morija. 1988.

[1] J. Walton, Early Bafokeng Settlement in South Africa, p. 38.

[1] J. F. Schofield, Primitive Pottery, Cape Town, 1948 pp. 151-152. See also R.R. Inskeep, “South Africa”, in Shinnie P., ed., The African Iron Age, pp. 255-256.

[1] Schofield, pp. 151-152.

Basotho Kajeno.

Leha ho ena le ditlhaloso tse hlalositsweng pejana mona, kajeno lentswe lena Basotho le bolela kopano ya merabe e fapaneng, Basotho-Batswana, ma-San, ma-Zulu, ma-Xhosa le ma-Ndebele. Morena Moshoeshoe wa Pele o thehile setjhaba sa hae sa Basotho ka ho kopanya ka bohlale le tjhebelopele baphaphathehi ba neng ba tswa ditjhabaneng tseo a di hlotseng, mme sena o ne a sa se etse ka kgatello le tlhekefetso. Morena Moshoeshoe wa Pele o tlotlwa ka thotokiso ena.

Ke nna Moshoeshoe Moshoashoaila wa ha Kali, (I am Moshoeshoe, Barber of Kali),

Lebeola le beotseng Ramonaheng ditedu; (Shaver who’s skinned off Ramonaheng’s beard);

Le ho hola, ha di eso hole, (And as for growing it hasn’t grown yet),

Di ya sala, di hola maisao. (It remains to grow in years to come).[1]

 

Thotokiso ena e boetse ke ya Basotho ha ba rata ho bontsha karohano ya bona le merabe e meng. Morena Moshoeshoe wa Pele o ne a re Kgotso e aha Setjhaba “ Peace build Nations”. O ile a bokeletsa ditjhaba tse ngata tse neng di phaphatheha nakong tsa Difaqane, mme a di fa dijo, metsi le bodulo mmoho le diphoofolo tsa bona. BoraHistori ba bangata ba dumela hore setjhaba sa Basotho ba jwale, se thehilwe dilemong tsa bo-1820 nakong ya Difaqane. Ha jwale setjhaba sa Basotho se kenyeletsa merabe ena- Maphetla, Mapolane, Baphuthing, Bakgolokwe, Basia, Batlokwa, Bafokeng, Bakoena, Batloung, Bahlakoana, Dihoja, Bataung, Batshoeneng, jwalekaha ho hlalositswe le merabe e meng ya ba-Nguni, ma-San, ma-Gerikwa le ma-Koranna. Morena Moshoeshoe wa Pele o ile a dumella ditjhaba tse ding tseo a di hapileng hore di dule di ntse di phetha meetlo le ditlwaelo tsa tsona, empa ba bang ba ile ba ikgethela ho nka meetlo le ditlwaelo tsa Basotho. Basotho bohle ba ana se itseng kapa ba bitswa ka phoofolo e itseng.

Basotho ba fumanwa dibakeng dife?

Bopaki bo supa hore pele ho Bokoloniale le Difaqane, boholo ba setjhaba sa Basotho bo ne bo dula sebakeng seo kajeno se bitswang Foreisetata. Leha ba sa ka ba fediswa ka hohle hohle ke Maburu le Manyesemane, empa ba ile ba qobellwa ke dithunya tsa Maburu le Manyesemane hore ba balehele dibakeng tse omeletseng le tse dithabeng. Tlasa tataiso ya Morena Moshoeshoe wa Pele le Mantsopa, Basotho ba ile ba lwana ntwa ya kgumamela, mme ba hapa tse ding tsa dintwa moo ho neng ho tsekwa lefatshe kgahlanong le Maburu le Manyesemane, re ka qoholla Ntoa ya Senekal/Battle of Senekal ( 19 March 1858); Dintoa tsa Thababosiu/Battles of Thababosiu ( 1858 le 1865 -1867) le dintoa tse tsebjwang ka Dintoa tsa Foreisetata le Basotho, tse tsebjwang hape ka hore ke dintoa tsa Seqiti ( Cannon War).

 [1] W.M. Tšiu, Basotho Family Odes (Diboko) and Oral Tradition, submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts in African Languages, University of South Africa, November 2001, p. 13.

[1] Many historians, sociologists, politicians and academics have put the following accolades to Moshoeshoe I: a kindhearted king of great intelligence, political genius, skilful, brave, patient, diplomatic, and the list may go on.

[1] W.M. Tšiu, Basotho Family Odes (Diboko) and Oral Tradition, submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts in African Languages, University of South Africa, November 2001, p. 13.

Basotho ba ile ba hlola le ho tlontlolla Manyesemane dintweng tse ngata jwaleka Ntoa ya Viervoet/Battle of Viervoet ( 30 June – August 1851) le ntwa ya Tigela ( falling) moo ho ileng ha hlolwa Major Henry Warden, le ntwa ya Berea/ Battle of Berea (1852) mme ya fella moo ho neng ho hlolwa Major George Cathcart. Boholo ba dintwa tsena bo ne bo lwanwa Foreisetata, mme sena ke sesupo sa hore tikoloho ya Foreisetata ke naha ya Basotho. Dintwa tsena tseo ho neng ho tsekwa lefatshe ka tsona, di arotse Basotho dikarolo tse pedi tse kgolo, e leng Basotho ba Lesotho, le Basotho ba Foreisetata, re sa qhelele ka thoko ntlha ya hore Basotho ba ntse ba fumanwa diprofensing tse ding tsa Afrika Borwa. Leha ho le jwalo Basotho ba kajeno ba thehilwe ke Morena Moshoeshoe wa Pele.

Bophelo le Botjhaba ba Basotho.

Basotho esale e le dihwai/balemi, mme ba ne ba lema haholo mabele, koro mme hamorao poone. Ba ne ba phela hape ka meroho, lebese le “foreshe” le mafi, mefuta ya ditholwana, nama ya diphoofolo ho kenyeletswa diphoofolo tse hlaha. Mesebetsi ya setjhaba e ne e arotswe ka makgethe, mme ho na le mesebetsi ya banna le ya basadi. Boholo ba mesebetsi e ne e le ho disa dikgomo le ho lema masimo. Basadi ba ne ba phetha mesebetsi ya lapeng, mme ba bile ba hlokomela dijalo. Baradi ba seng ba hodile bona ba ne ba thusa bo-Mma bona ka ho sila poone. Ha ho se mosebetsi o mongata ba ne ba ithabisa ka dipapadi tse kang diketo, kgati, mantloane, mmoho le ho etela ba bang ba leloko le metswalle.  Bashemane bona ba ne ba qala ka ho disa dipodi, mme ha ba se ba hodile ba disa dikgomo mme ebe ba tsoma dinonyana le diphoofolo tse ding tsa naheng.

Basotho ba na le botjhaba ba bona, mme ba ana dintho tse ngata, tseo ba di hlomphang haholo mme ba boetse ba dumela ho Badimo le Modimo ya Mahodimong ( Sky Divinity) kapa Modimo wa Kgale ( God of Old) kapa Tlatlamatjholo, ho boetse ho na le dipuo tse reng ba ne ba dumela ho Noha ya Metsi ( Water Snake/ ( Water Divinity). Ditumelo tsa botjhaba di nnile tsa fetolwa ha nako e ntse e tsamaya, haholo ka lebaka la tshusumetso ya baruti le Bokreste bo ileng ba ata hara Basotho. Basotho ba Pele ba ne ba dumela hore motho o na le dikarolo tse pedi- e leng  mmele ( corporeal body) kapa nama (flesh) le moya ( incorporeal spirit) kapa moya ( wind) kapa seriti ( shadow). Diboko tsa Basotho di fetisetswa ho ya baneng ho latela ntate.

Mmino le Motjeko/Tantshi (Dance).

Basotho ba ikgetha ho ditjhaba tse ding ka mofuta wa mmino le motjeko/tantshi, mme sena e sale e le karolo ya bophelo ba bona.

[1]For more information with regard to the Basotho conquests and losses see Landau, pp. 134-135 & 138-139; Maylam, pp. 111-119; S. Rosenberg and R.F. Weisfelder (eds.) Historical Dictionary of Lesotho, Second Edition, pp. 489-490; and I. Knight, The Boer Wars (1), 1836-98, pp. 15-17.

[1]For more information regarding Basotho conquests and losses see Landau, pp. 134-135 & 138-139; Maylam, pp. 113-114; S. and Rosenberg and R.F. Weisfelder (eds.) Historical Dictionary of Lesotho, Second Edition, pp. 489-490.

[1] F.L.C. Rakotsoane, “The Southern Sotho’s Ultimate Object of Worship: Sky-Divinity or Water-Divinity?” Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in African Traditional Religion, University of Cape Town, 26 March 2001, p. ii.

[1] Anon, “The Basotho” <http://liportal.giz.de/fileadmin/user_upload/oeffentlich/Lesotho/40_gesellschaft/basotho.pdf>, s.a. (Accessed on 27/11/2015).

Pina le motjeko di ba le seabo se seholo meketeng e ikgethang ya Basotho e jwaleka mekete ya botjhaba le boithabiso. Ho na le mefuta e meraro ya metjeko/tantshi; - mokorotlo ( ke pina ya banna ha ba ya ntweng ) mohobelo ( le ona ke pina ya banna) mokgibo ke mofuta wa motjeko wa basadi, moo ba tsamaisang mahetla ho ya pele le morao (shoulder dances performed by females); mangae ke dipina tsa bashemane ha ba le mophatong ( songs sung by male initiates) Diroki ( poets) di bina dithoko ( poems). Basebetsi ba merafo bona ba bina difela( chants by mine workers) nakong tse ding tsa ho keteka mekete ya botjhaba, batho ba ithoka ho latela diboko tsa bona.

Basotho ba na le mefuta e fapaneng ya diletswa tsa mmino, jwaleka moropa; e leng seletswa se letswang haholo ha ho bolotse banana. Diletswa tse ding ke lesiba, , thomo, setolotolo; kajeno dibini tsa Basotho di sebedisa diletswa tsena ho kenyeletswa koriana le diletswa tse ding tsa dinaha tsa Bophirima. 

 Lebollo kapa mabollo (in plural) ( Initiation school )          

Jwalekaha ho etsahala merabeng e meng, Basotho ba bolatsa bashemane le banana. Mohato ona ke wa bohlokwa thutong ya bona hoba lokisetsa bophelo ba batho ba baholo. Bashemane ba bolotswa sebakeng se bitswang ( mophato )e leng ntlo e ahilweng sebakeng se patehileng thabeng mme ka nako tse ding eba kahara moru. Bashemane ba sa bollang ba ne ba sa dumellwa hore ba ka phetha mesebetsi e itseng, hobane ho thwe ha se banna ka ho phethahala. Ditaba tsa lebollong ke patuwe, mme bashemane ba yang lebollong ha ba tsebe hore na ba ilo kopana le eng. Bashemane ba ne ba ya lebollong nako ya dikgwedi tse tharo. Tse ding tsa dintho tseo bashemane ba di rutwang ha ba le mophatong di kenyeletsa ho ithuta dipina, motjeko, pale ya setjhaba sa bo bona, boitshwaro bo amohelehang setjhabeng, boitshwaro ditabeng tse amang thobalano, botshepehi, sebete, boikokobetso le tlhompho ya batswadi, batho ba baholo le morena, ba bile ba fetiswa tekong e itseng bakeng sa ho lekola matla le mamello ya maikutlo.

Bananyana ba dilemo tse 15 ho isa ho tse 20 ba ne ba bolotswa sebakeng sa bona se ikgethang, thoko le moo bashemane ba bolletseng teng. Bananyana ba lokela ho bolotswa pele ba nyalwa, kaha ho ne ho dumelwa hore sena se tla matlafatsa bosadi ba bona. Bananyana ba rutwa dintho tse tshwanang le tse rutwang bashemane, empa phapang ke hore bananyana ba rutwa mesebetsi ya basadi, ho kgotsofatsa le ho hlompha banna ba bona. Matsatsing ana dintho di fetohile, phapang e bonahalang ke nako eo bana ba dulang lebollong ka yona, ha jwale nako e kgutsufaditswe papisong le pele.

Marato le Manyalo.

Basotho ke batho ba hlomphang Badimo le malapa, mme ke le leng la mabaka a neng a etsa hore bana ba kgethelwe hore ba nyala le ho nyalwa ke bo mang. Nakong tsa kgale batswadi ba ne ba kgethela bana ba bona hore na ba ka ratana le mang, kajeno bashemane ke bona ba ikgethelang dikgarebe.

[1] Tšiu, p. 3.

[1] Anon, “The Basotho” …..

[1] Ibid.

[1] Ibid.

Manyalo a botjhaba a tiiswa ka ho ntsha bohadi ( bride wealth), bo kenyeletsang palo e itseng ya  dikgomo, dinku, ditonki/di-esele le dipere tse tswang ha habo moshemane mme di iswa ha habo kgarebe.

Ha re phethela.

Leha Basotho ba nnile ba fetoha mengwahakgolong e fetileng, empa ha ba ya fapana le ditjhaba tse ding tsa Afrika. Le bona botjhaba le meetlo ya bona jwaleka setjhaba se ikgethang bo susumeditswe ke ditjhaba tse ding tsa lefatshe, bokoloniale le sejwale-jwale. Leha ho le jwalo Basotho ba motlotlo ka hore ke setjhaba sa Morena e Moholo Moshoeshoe wa Pele, mme ba motlotlo ka hore ba kgonne ho sireletsa le ho phetha mekgwa le botjhaba ba bona ka mokgwa o etsang hore ba tsebahale hohle moo ba fihlang teng. Ba tsebjwa ka hore ke setjhaba sa kgotso ( peace); Ma-aparaNkwe le Seanamarena; mme katiba ya Modiyanyewe e ba qoholla ka ho phethahala.

Nalane ena ya Basotho e fupuditswe le ho hlophiswa ke Buti Kompi, wa lefapha la Histori, Univesithi ya Foreisetata.

Phetolelo Sesothong ( Dirara Mokoena – Lesedi FM )

Source List

 

Anon, “The Basotho” <http://liportal.giz.de/fileadmin/user_upload/oeffentlich/Lesotho/40_gesellschaft/basotho.pdf>, s.a. (Accessed on 27/11/2015).

 

Ellenberger, Fred D. Histori ea Basotho (Karolo I): Mehla ea Boholo-Holo.  Morija, 1988.

 

Hammond-Tooke, D. The Roots of Black South Africa. Johannesburg, 1993.

 

Hobsbawm, Eric “Introduction: Inventing Traditions.” In Hobsbawm, E. and Ranger, T (eds.): The Invention of Tradition. Cambridge,1983.

 

Inskeep, R.R. “South Africa”, in Shinnie P. (ed.) The African Iron Age. Oxford, 1971.

Knight, I. The Boer Wars (1), 1836-98. Oxford, 1996.

 

Maylam, P. A History of the African People of South Africa: From the Early Iron Age to the 1970s.London, 1986.

 

Motshekga Mathole, “Traditional and Local governance in a Democratic South Africa – A Non-Governmental Perspective”, Paper read at the 4th National Annual Local Government Conference on Traditional Leadership and Local Governance in a Democratic South Africa ‘Quo Vadis’. Durban, 30 – 31 July 2007.

 

Mountain, A. The First Peoples of the Cape: A Look at their History and the Impact of Colonialism on the Cape’s Indigenous People. Cape Town, 2003.

 

Mutwa, Credo, Indaba, My Children: African tribal history, legends, customs and religious beliefs. Edinburgh, 1998.

 

Ngcongco, L.D. “Origins of the Tswana” in Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies 1(2), 1979, p. 21-46.

 

Nürnberger, Klaus “The Sotho Notion of the Supreme Being and the impact of the Christian Proclamation” in Journal of Religion in Africa 7(3), 1975, pp. 174-200.

 

Oliver R. and A. Atmore, The African Middle Ages: 1400-1800. Cambridge,1981.

 

Pitso, M.T. “Stories of Origin of the Sotho people of QwaQwa: The construction and maintenance of society through narratives”. Thesis Submitted for the Degree: Master of Philosophy in Indigenous Studies, University of Tromsø, 2009.

 

Rakotsoane, F.L.C. “The Southern Sotho’s Ultimate Object of Worship: Sky-Divinity or Water-Divinity?” Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in African Traditional Religion, University of Cape Town, 26 March 2001.

Rosenberg S. and R.F. Weisfelder (eds.) Historical Dictionary of Lesotho, Second Edition. Maryland, 2013.

 

Schofield, J. F. Primitive Pottery. Cape Town, 1948.

 

Tlou, T. & Campbell, A. History of Botswana. Gabarone, 1986.

 

Tšiu William Moruti, “Basotho Family Odes (Diboko) and Oral Tradition” Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts in African Languages, University of South Africa, November 2001.

 

Tšiu William Moruti, “Basotho Oral Poetry at the Beginning of the 21st Century (volume 1)” Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Literature and Philosophy in African Languages, University of South Africa, October 2008.

 

Walton, J. Early Bafokeng Settlement in South Africa. Johannesburg, 1956.

 



 

 

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